This paper deals with the design of a deformable nose for the non-penetrating Projectile in order to prevent its body deformation. Numerical, analytical and experimental studies have been carried out to analyze the effect of different nose shapes on the Projectile deformation when it hits the brick wall. The Projectile consists of an aluminum nose, a thin-walled steel cylinder body, and an end connector. This non-penetrating Projectile can be used to carry a cargo that must reach its destination safely, for example in firefighting applications. To pursue this goal, the criterion utilized for the best design in this paper is stress and strain analysis. The geometric shape of the noses includes three types: type (a), type (b), and type (c). The first type of nose was flat shape. This nose was detached from the Projectile by impact and did not prevent the Projectile deformation. The second type of nose was a combination of flat and conical shapes. The Projectile was also deformed by this nose. The third type of nose was a combination of flat, conical, and spherical shapes. Due to the maximum absorption of the impact energy, this type of nose prevented the deformation of the cargo and Projectile.

In this study, 4 composite layers of plain carbon fiber fabric, plain glass fiber fabric and carbon-glass [carbon-glass-carbon-glass] fiber fabrics, are tested under high speed impact (118 m/s) with flat or half-spherical Projectile in impact angles of 0, 30 and 45 degrees compared to the normal impact, and the amount of damage as well as their ballistic limit was studied. Results showed that with increase in the impact angle striked with the flat Projectile, the ballistic limit decreased by 30% and the damage area decreased by 36%. Also, with the increase in the impact angle striked with the half-spherical Projectile in speed of 118 m/s on 4 layers of carbon fiber fabric and glass fiber fabric, the ballistic limit increased by 25% and the damage area decreased by 40%. The maximum damage area and ballistic limit was in 4 layers of glass fiber fabric and the minimum damage area and the ballistic limit was observed in 4 layers of carbon fiber fabric, that with integration of these 2 fabrics and generating 4 layer fabric of carbon-glass, the high ballistic limit of glass fiber fabric and low damage area of 4-layer carbon fabric is achieved in 4 layer carbon-glass laminate.

In the present study, deformation pattern in impact spot welded plates with flat and spherical‐ nosed Projectiles using gas mixture detonation set up has been investigated and compared with numerical simulations. The steel plate with a thickness of 4mm was considered as a base plate and steel plates with 1, 2, and 3mm thicknesses were selected as flyer plates and were under direct contact with flat‐ and spherical‐ nosed metallic Projectiles with a mass of 650 and 1300 gram, respectively. The average velocity of the Projectiles was 600 meters per second. The ABAQUS finite element software was used to investigate the highvelocity impact of Projectiles on steel sheets. The Johnson‐ Cook (J‐ C) model was utilized to describe the behavior of metals. The deformation of plates during the impact spot welding process has been simulated. Comparing the plate deformation pattern in numerical simulation and experimental results found that the numerical model predicted well the deformation of plates during the Projectile impact spot welding process. The stress wave propagation on the flyer plates also was studied numerically. The results show that the waves start from the center and progress to the corners of the plate. The values of the equivalent plastic strain (PEEQ) and shear stress pattern for flyers and target plates have investigated as a measure of the quality of welding.

In this study, the shape of the kinetic penetrator nose is optimized with the aim of achieving maximum penetration. For optimization, Lagrange analytical optimization method and genetic evolutionary algorithm, several types of different nose-generating functions, two different objective functions, and shape coefficient and penetration depth have been used. Comparing the shape and depth of penetration of the optimized noses, it is observed that there is a good agreement between the results of the optimization in different cases. In analytical optimization, the objective function is to optimize the shape of the nose and the Lagrange optimization method is used. In numerical optimization, two different objective functions of penetration depth and nose shape coefficient as well as three types of nose generating functions have been used for optimization. The proximity of the optimization results in all the mentioned methods shows the high accuracy of the optimizations performed. In this paper, it is shown that the nose shape coefficient is a suitable objective function to optimize the nose of kinetic penetrators in order to achieve the maximum penetration depth. One of the characteristics that should be considered in optimizing the shape of the nose is the ratio of the stem radius to the length of the nose (τ, ). In this study, the ratio (τ, ) in optimization by different methods is equal to 0. 3. After optimizing and obtaining the shape of the Projectile nose, the penetration depth of the Projectile at different speeds was calculated and compared with the penetration depth of the oyster noses with a ratio (τ, ) equal to 0. 3. It can be seen that the penetration depth of the optimized noses is significantly greater than the penetration depth of the ips in different collision velocities.

In this study the kinetic Projectile with double nose in concrete targets by considering the velocity effect on friction between Projectile and target is investigated. Numerical methods and finite element solution were used to calculate the depth of the penetration. In the numerical solution method, by integrating the stress at the nose surface and calculating the force on the nose of the penetrating Projectile, the penetration depth of the Projectile was calculated using Newton's second law and numerical methods were used to solve the resulting differential equations. In the finite element method, the Concrete damaged plasticity structural model was used to model the behavior of concrete, and in both the finite element method and the numerical solution method, the static-dynamic exponential reduction model is used to model the frictional force on the Projectile. In order to develop the penetration depth equations, the parameters and equations related to the exponential friction coefficient have been considered and the two-step nose penetration depth equation has been developed by considering different parameters. To validate the proposed model, the results of experimental Projectile penetration tests with the shape of the nose of other researchers have been used. Considering the effect of speed on the coefficient of friction between the Projectile and the target has significantly increased the accuracy of speed calculations in this research.

Drop nose the drop nose in the upper and lower sections causes poor breathing and deformity of the nose. In this lecture we discuss the causes and the method of operation. Nasal tip depression and deformation of the labial angle for any defund as saddle nose. This angle is 95-100 degrees in men and 95-115 degrees in women. Apart from the role that this angle has in breathing, it also has an important role in making individuals look younger. This nasal tip depression can cause some minor disorders in breathing functions. Causes: Several causes can make this angle deformation. The most important causes are strokes and disorders in the nose tip organization and the loss of important tip support, such as reaching septum caudal or removing a lot of septum in SMR.

In this study, experimental tests were performed to evaluate the effects of axisymmetric cylindrical Projectile nose shapes and initial velocities on ballistic performance of laminated woven glass epoxy composites. Projectile initial velocity and nose sharpness changes, absorbed energy, delamination area, etc. are investigated by six blunt, hemispherical, conical and ogival Projectiles. Hand lay-up method has been used to manufacture composite targets with 18 layers of 2D woven glass fibers of 45% fiber volume fraction. The epoxy system is made of epon 828 resin with jeffamine D400 as the curing agent. The results show that the maximum influence of Projectile geometry on target behavior, occurs in ballistic limit area. In this range of initial velocity, ogival (CRH=2.5) and Blunt Projectiles show the best and the worst ballistic performance. The delamination area decreases as the Projectile nose sharpness increases or its initial velocity decreases. Ballistic curves for different Projectiles show that the difference between Projectiles behavior decreases in higher impact velocities. Because of target shear failure in blunt Projectile impact, the amount of target absorbed energy for this Projectile is less than other Projectiles in higher impact velocities away from ballistic limit velocity.

There are many effective parameters in impact mechanics. In this article, the relation between the depth of penetration and the Projectile nose shape has been investigated. Projectiles were made of AISI 4340 material with flat, ogive, and hemispherical nose shapes. Semi-infinite targets made of alumina ceramic 99. 5 and aluminum 7000. The Projectile impact velocity in this experimental test was about 400m/s and the thickness of ceramic and aluminum were 4 and 20mm, respectively. A numerical simulation has been conducted by Abaqus software. The results of the numerical simulation show a good agreement with the empirical observations. The depth of penetration for the flat Projectile and ogive Projectile was highest and lowest, respectively. The ballistic limit velocity for the flat Projectile and ogive Projectile was lowest and highest, respectively. Projectile erosion is affected by the ceramic thickness and the shape of the Projectile. The amount of this erosion for the flat Projectile and ogive Projectile was lowest and highest, respectively. Increasing ceramic thickness leads to more erosion in the Projectile. Also, the changes of ballistic limit velocity have been determined with the changes of ceramic and backing metal thickness.

In this paper, drop weight impact tests using Projectiles with different nose shapes on GLARE 3 are examined experimentally. GLARE targets are made of two aluminum sheets and six composite layers by hand lay-up method. The composite layers are constructed using unidirectional E-glass fiber and cy219 resin with adding hy5161 as a hardener. The Projectiles are manufactured in flat, hemispherical and conical 90o nose shapes and hardened. The Projectiles collide to targets with initial impact energies of 40, 55 and 70 J. In this study, the effects of nose shape at the maximum impact force, the penetration, the energy absorption, and damage zone are examined. The results show that conical Projectile in all three impact energies and hemispherical Projectile at 55 and 70 J fully penetrate targets. Under impacts of the flat Projectile, a shear plug is formed on the upper face of targets and a plastic deformation is created on the bottom face of targets in impact energies of 40 and 55 J. For hemispherical Projectile at 40 J and for flat one at 70 J, the tensile stresses in the aluminum sheet located at the bottom face of target result in longitudinal crack. Moreover, results show that the maximum and minimum contact force and energy absorption occur in the Projectile with flat and conical nose shapes, respectively.